大穗和中华结缕草的群落特征及种内分异研究

大穗结缕草为盐生植物,主要生长在沿海潮沟两侧的滨海盐土地带上,其区系组成绝大多数种类属于盐生植物,为海滩原生植物群落。中华结缕草为耐盐的优良草坪植物,其野生群落主要分布在沿海2~40m的滨海阶地上。其生态幅较宽,土壤pH在7.2~9.2之间。中华结缕草群落为单优群落,盖度多在60%~90%。中华结缕草种内存在十分丰富的变异,采用模糊聚类的方法将17份草样划分为6类,各类间差异很大。主分量分析表明有性繁殖器官如果穗高度和营养器官特征如叶长和匍匐茎扩展速度是研究中华结缕草种内分异的重要指标。这2种植物可作为沿海城市建植草坪的优良植物。     

模糊聚类分析在中国伞形科当归亚族分类中的应用

针对伞形科前胡族当归亚族上属间界线划分的分歧,采用模糊聚类分析方法,在形态方面以属为分类单位,定量阐明了属间亲缘关系。化学方面,以裂解－气相色谱信息为分类依据肉获得的２７个种的数据揭示了当归亚族中属间的分类关系,结果表明,当归属和在中国分布的山芹属与广义当归属类群相近,并显示了东北长鞘当归和骨缘当归是一个较特殊的类群。     

Hydrophobic core formation in protein complex of cathepsin

The “fuzzy oil drop” model assumes that the idealized hydrophobic core in a protein body can be described by a 3D Gauss function. The structure of the 1ICF protein (cathepsin), which participates in the proteolysis process and has cysteine-type peptidase activity, has been analyzed on the basis of the “fuzzy oil drop” model. The authors have determined the contribution of individual exon fragments to the creation of a common hydrophobic core and assessed the involvement of each chain in this process, depending on the number of complexed chains. Quantitative assessment of exons, chains, dimers, and the whole complex suggest that each of these units plays a different role in shaping the protein’s hydrophobic core.     

Taxonome: a software package for linking biological species data

Online databases of biological information offer tremendous potential for evolutionary and ecological discoveries, especially if data are combined in novel ways. However, the different names and varied spellings used for many species present major barriers to linking data. Taxonome is a software tool designed to solve this problem by quickly and reproducibly matching biological names to a given reference set. It is available both as a graphical user interface (GUI) for simple interactive use, and as a library for more advanced functionality with programs written in Python. Taxonome also includes functions to standardize distribution information to a well‐defined set of regions, such as the TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions. In combination, these tools will help biologists to rapidly synthesize disparate datasets, and to investigate large‐scale patterns in species traits.     

Evaluation of Camera Trapping for Estimating Red Fox Abundance

ABSTRACT The nature reserve Serra da Malcata, Portugal, was recently considered a site for Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) reintroduction. Because of potential disease risk posed by red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the area, a reliable estimate of fox abundance was critical for a dependable reintroduction program. We adapted camera-trapping techniques for estimating red fox abundance in the reserve. From July 2005 to August 2007, we conducted 7 camera-trapping sessions, allowing for individual identification of foxes by physical characteristics. We estimated abundance using the heterogeneity (M_h) model of the software program CAPTURE. Estimated density ranged from 0.91 ± 0.12 foxes/km²to 0.74 ± 0.02 foxes/km². By estimating red fox density, it is possible to define the number of foxes that must be sampled to assess the presence of potential fox-transmitted diseases that may affect lynx reintroduction.     

模糊数学排序及其应用

本文应用模糊数学排序法,对英国威尔士北部山地草甸进行了研究,结果模糊数学排序是一个有效的植被分析方法。     

基于人水关系的京津冀城市群水资源安全格局评价

京津冀城市群是我国乃至全世界人类活动对水循环扰动强度最大的地区之一,水资源过度开发利用不仅严重影响生态环境安全,而且制约着经济社会的可持续发展。基于人水关系协调视角,从水资源本底条件、水资源开发利用程度、水资源开发利用效率等3个方面建立了水资源安全综合评价指标体系,并根据国内外发展经验和相关标准确定了评价标准阈值,使得评价结果在不同的时空尺度上均具有可比性。然后通过熵技术支持下的层次分析法和多目标模糊隶属度函数,对2000—2014年京津冀城市群水资源安全的时空格局进行了定量评价。结果表明:(1)整个京津冀城市群的水资源安全指数多在0.2—0.4之间,属于不安全类型,但总体向临界安全类型转变;(2)各城市的水资源安全指数在时空尺度上表现出较大差异,总体表现为南低北高且随着时间的推移普遍提高的格局;(3)整个京津冀城市群及各城市水资源安全指数的次级指标在时空尺度上也表现出一定的差异性和地域一致性,它们交互作用,最终综合决定着水资源安全指数的时空变化。     

FuzzyID2: A software package for large data set species identification via barcoding and metabarcoding using hidden Markov models and fuzzy set methods

Species identification through DNA barcoding or metabarcoding has become a key approach for biodiversity evaluation and ecological studies. However, the rapid accumulation of barcoding data has created some difficulties: for instance, global enquiries to a large reference library can take a very long time. We here devise a two‐step searching strategy to speed identification procedures of such queries. This firstly uses a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) algorithm to narrow the searching scope to genus level and then determines the corresponding species using minimum genetic distance. Moreover, using a fuzzy membership function, our approach also estimates the credibility of assignment results for each query. To perform this task, we developed a new software pipeline, FuzzyID2, using Python and C++. Performance of the new method was assessed using eight empirical data sets ranging from 70 to 234,535 barcodes. Five data sets (four animal, one plant) deployed the conventional barcode approach, one used metabarcodes, and two were eDNA‐based. The results showed mean accuracies of generic and species identification of 98.60% (with a minimum of 95.00% and a maximum of 100.00%) and 94.17% (with a range of 84.40%–100.00%), respectively. Tests with simulated NGS sequences based on realistic eDNA and metabarcode data demonstrated that FuzzyID2 achieved a significantly higher identification success rate than the commonly used Blast method, and the TIPP method tends to find many fewer species than either FuzztID2 or Blast. Furthermore, data sets with tens of thousands of barcodes need only a few seconds for each query assignment using FuzzyID2. Our approach provides an efficient and accurate species identification protocol for biodiversity‐related projects with large DNA sequence data sets.     

测量误差模型中变差系数的性质研究

本文对测量误差模型参数估计的变差系数的性质进行了初步研究.本文结果对参数估计分布性质,特别是分布的离散程度的研究有重要应用价值.